Prolonged exposure to freezing temperatures can result in health problems such as trench foot, frostbite and hypothermia. According to the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), employers can help prevent cold-weather injuries by using personal protective clothing, engineering controls, and safe work practices.

Personal protective clothing. Wearing appropriate clothing is often the most important step in fighting the elements. OSHA recommends at least three layers of clothing:

• An outer layer to break the wind and allow some ventilation (like Gore-Tex® or nylon);
• A middle layer of wool or synthetic fabric (Qualofil or Pile) to absorb sweat and retain insulation in a damp environment; and
• An inner layer of cotton or synthetic weave to allow ventilation.

Pay special attention to protecting feet, hands, face and head. Up to 40 percent of body heat can be lost when the head is exposed. Footgear should be insulated to protect against cold and dampness. Keep a change of clothing available in case work garments become wet.

Engineering controls. Next, employers can use a variety of engineering controls to reduce the risk of cold-related injuries:

• Use an onsite source of heat, such as air jets, radiant heaters, or contact warm plates;
• Shield work areas from drafty or windy conditions;
• Provide a heated shelter for employees who experience prolonged exposure to equivalent wind-chill temperatures of 20°F (-6°C) or less; and
• Use thermal insulating material on equipment handles when temperatures drop below 30°F (-1°C).

Safe work practices. Finally, changes in work schedules and practices may be necessary to combat the effects of extremely cold weather:

• Allow a period of adjustment to the cold before embarking on a full work schedule;
• Always permit employees to set their own pace and take extra work breaks when needed;
• Reduce, as much as possible, the number of activities performed outdoors;
• Make sure employees remain hydrated;
• Establish a buddy system for working outdoors; and
• Educate employees about the symptoms of cold-related stresses (heavy shivering, uncomfortable coldness, severe fatigue, drowsiness or euphoria).

Source: OSHA Fact Sheet No. OSHA 98-55.